五味安神丸质量标准的建立

摘 要 目的：建立五味安神丸的质量控制标准。 方法: 采用TLC法对方中酸枣仁和白术进行定性鉴别;采用HPLC法测定该药中栀子苷和五味子醇甲的含量。 结果: 酸枣仁和白术的薄层色谱图斑点较为清晰,阴性对照无干扰,具有专属性。HPLC结果显示栀子苷与五味子醇甲分别在6.048~241.920 μg·ml-1（r=0.999 8）与4.392~175.680 μg·ml-1（r=0.999 9）范围内与峰面积呈良好线性关系;平均回收率分别为97.5%（RSD=1.9%）,98.8%（RSD=1.6%）。 结论: 此方法专属性强、精密度高、重复性好,可为建立五味安神丸药品的质量控制提供依据。     

Physicochemical and microbiological stability of two news oral liquid formulations of clonidine hydrochloride for pediatric patients

Pediatric patients present changing physiological features. Because of the lack of land suitable for commercial management, pediatric specialties very often need to prepare extemporaneous formulations to improve the dosage and administration of drugs for children. Oral liquid formulations are the most suitable for pediatric patients. Clonidine is widely used in the pediatric population for opioid withdrawal, hypertensive crisis, attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity syndrome, and as an analgesic in neuropathic cancer pain. The objective was to study the physicochemical and microbiological stability and determine the shelf life of an oral solution containing 20?µg/mL clonidine hydrochloride in different storage conditions (5?±?3?°C, 25?±?3?°C, and 40?±?2?°C). Using raw material with excipients safe for all pediatric age groups, two oral liquid formulations of clonidine hydrochloride were designed (with and without preservatives). Solutions stored at 5?±?3?°C (with and without preservatives) were physically and microbiologically stable for at least 90?days in closed containers and for 42?days after opening. Two oral solutions of clonidine hydrochloride 20?µg/mL were developed for pediatric use from raw materials that are readily available and easy to process, containing safe excipients that are stable over a long period of time.     

Optimization of the extraction condition for benzyl isothiocyanate contents in Salvadora persica roots “Siwak”

Benzyl isothocyanate is the major active antibacterial metabolite in Salvadora persica roots “Siwak” beside two minor isothiocyanate derivatives namely; 3-methoxy benzyl isothiocyanate and 3-hydroxy benzyl isothiocyanate. The extraction condition effect on the amount of benzyl isothiocyanate was explored in detailed study. Both cold and hot extraction with different solvents was applied. The amount of benzyl isothiocyanate was estimated using HPLC and HPTLC. The results indicated that cold extraction of the fresh samples with chloroform offers the maximum amount of benzyl isothiocyanate. Drying process leads to great loss of the active component of Siwak.     

Reduced variability in tacrolimus pharmacokinetics following intramuscular injection compared to oral administration in cynomolgus monkeys: Investigating optimal dosing regimens

Tacrolimus is one of the most commonly used immunosuppressive agents in animal models of transplantation. However, in these models, oral administration is often problematic due to the lowered compliance associated with highly invasive surgery and due to malabsorption in the intestinal tract. Therefore, we carried out a study to determine the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus after intramuscular (IM) injection and to determine the optimal IM dosing regimens in primate models. Six male cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) were used in the study. Doses of 0.1 mg/kg and 5 mg were administered via IM injection and oral administration, respectively, once to determine single-dose pharmacokinetics and once daily for 5 days to determine multiple-dose pharmacokinetics. According to pharmacokinetic model estimates, the inter- and intra-individual variabilities in bioavailability following IM injection were remarkably reduced compared with those following oral administration. Monte Carlo simulations revealed that C_peak, C_trough and AUC would also have less variability following IM injection compared with oral administration. In this study, we found that the pharmacokinetic characteristics of tacrolimus were more constant following IM injection compared with oral administration. These results suggest that IM injection can be an alternative route of administration fin non-human primate model studies.     

HLA-G +3196 polymorphism as a risk factor for cell mediated rejection following heart transplant

BackgroundRejection is a leading cause of mortality following heart transplantation. Human leukocyte antigen-G (HLA-G) is an immune checkpoint which dampens the immune response. Reports suggest elevated HLA-G expression is associated with reduced allograft rejection. Our objective was to evaluate HLA-G polymorphisms and cell mediated rejection (CMR) development.MethodsRecipients (n = 123) were genotyped to identify relevant HLA-G polymorphisms in the 5′regulatory (−725, −201), 3′untranslated (+3197, +3187, +3142, 14-bp indel) and coding regions (haplotypes 1–6). CMR was evaluated via endomyocardial biopsy (grade ≥ 2R). Univariate/adjusted analyses were conducted via Kaplan Meier and proportional hazard models.ResultsMean recipient age was 48 (±12) years, with a median time to CMR of 4.6 years. 55 (45%) recipients had a biopsy grade ≥ 2R. Adjusted analysis revealed the +3196 G allele as a risk factor for CMR (p = 0.03). Compared to the minor GG genotype, CG had a 47.2% reduction in CMR risk (HR[95% CI] = 0.528 [0.235, 1.184]), while CC had a 66.9% reduction (0.331 [0.144, 0.761]). The recessive effect significantly increased CMR likelihood (2.388 [1.128, 5.059], p = 0.02).ConclusionThe HLA-G +3196 G allele was identified as a risk factor for CMR diagnosis. HLA-G may have a role in therapeutic/diagnostic strategies against transplant rejection.     

Spatial distribution of human arachnoid trabeculae

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a common injury modality affecting a diverse patient population. Axonal injury occurs when the brain experiences excessive deformation as a result of head impact. Previous studies have shown that the arachnoid trabeculae (AT) in the subarachnoid space significantly influence the magnitude and distribution of brain deformation during impact. However, the quantity and spatial distribution of cranial AT in humans is unknown. Quantification of these microstructural features will improve understanding of force transfer during TBI, and may be a valuable dataset for microneurosurgical procedures. In this study, we quantify the spatial distribution of cranial AT in seven post-mortem human subjects. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) was used to conduct in situ imaging of AT microstructure across the surface of the human brain. OCT images were segmented to quantify the relative amounts of trabecular structures through a volume fraction (VF) measurement. The average VF for each brain ranged from 22.0% to 29.2%. Across all brains, there was a positive spatial correlation, with VF significantly greater by 12% near the superior aspect of the brain (p < .005), and significantly greater by 5%−10% in the frontal lobes (p < .005). These findings suggest that the distribution of AT between the brain and skull is heterogeneous, region-dependent, and likely contributes to brain deformation patterns. This study is the first to image and quantify human AT across the cerebrum and identify region-dependencies. Incorporation of this spatial heterogeneity may improve the accuracy of computational models of human TBI and enhance understanding of brain dynamics.     

川桑中桑皮素的提取工艺优化

目的：探讨川桑中桑皮素的最佳提取工艺。方法：以桑皮素含量为指标,利用4 因素3 水平L9（34）正交试验,分析乙醇浓度、提取时间、溶媒倍数、提取次数对桑皮素提取效率的影响。HPLC 法测定桑皮素含量：YMCPack ODS-A 色谱柱（5 μm,4.6 mm×250 mm）;流动相为甲醇- 水（80：20）;柱温25 ℃;流速1.0 mL·min-1;检测波长268 nm。结果：最佳提取工艺：提取前提取溶剂浸泡3 h,回流提取3 次,每次提取时间均为0.5 h,提取溶媒倍数均为20 倍。最优提取条件下测得川桑中桑皮素含量为1.510 mg·g-1。结论：乙醇浓度、溶媒倍数、提取次数对桑皮素提取效率均有显著影响,提取时间无显著影响。     

反应氧族促进血管生成的作用及其脑内意义

反应氧族（reactive oxygen specise,ROS）是细胞有氧代谢产生的物质,在脑缺血发生与进展的过程中扮演着重要角色。以往研究多以消除ROS 作为神经保护的重要途径。近年研究表明ROS 不只介导缺血后脑组织的损伤,更是重要的信号通路分子﹑参与调控缺血后的组织修复。一定含量的ROS 可激活细胞增殖、细胞迁移,激活血管生成的相关通路,促进血管生成。因此,全面了解ROS 在脑缺血后动态过程中的作用,合理调控脑缺血后组织中ROS 的含量,可促进受损区域的血管生成,对及时恢复血供、保护神经功能具有重要意义。     

HPLC 法同时测定丝棉木中2 种成分含量

目的：建立同时测定丝棉木中卫矛羰碱（compound 1）和6α,12- 二乙酸基-1β,9α- 二乙酸（β- 呋喃甲酸酯基）-4α- 羰基-2β-2- 甲基丁酯-β- 二氢沉香呋喃（compound 2）含量的高效液相色谱（HPLC）法,测定丝棉木叶、种子和茎中这2 种成分的含量。方法：石油醚提取,挥干石油醚,甲醇溶解,HPLC 法检测。Syncronis C18 色谱柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,流动相为甲醇- 水（72∶28）,流速1.0 mL·min-1,紫外检测波长为254 nm,柱温25℃。结果：compound 1 和compound 2 的线性范围分别为0.17~2.72 mg·mL-1 （r1=0.999 7）和0.10~1.60 mg·mL-1 （r2=0.999 5）;检出限分别为10.3 μg·mL-1、13.8 μg·mL-1;平均加样回收率分别为96.1%~110.7%、99.6%~103.5%。丝棉木叶中compound 1 含量范围0.02~0.03 mg·g-1,compound 2 未检出;种子中compound 1 和compound 2 含量范围分别为1.64~3.06 mg·g-1、0.53~1.41 mg·g-1;茎中compound 1 和compound 2 均未检出。结论：建立的高效液相色谱法简便、快捷、稳定、准确,可用于测定丝棉木中2 种成分含量。同一株丝棉木的叶、种子、茎中2 种化合物含量不同;不同株丝棉木的相同部位2 种成分含量差异显著。     

Thermodynamics of clayedrug complex dispersions: Isothermal titration calorimetry and high-performance liquid chromatography

An understanding of the thermodynamics of the complexation process utilized in sustaining drug release in clay matrices is of great importance.Several characterisation techniques as well as isothermal calorimetry were utilized in investigating the adsorption process of a model cationic drug(diltiazem hydrochloride,DIL)onto a pharmaceutical clay system(magnesium aluminium silicate,MAS).X-ray powder diffraction(XRPD),attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(ATRFTIR)and optical microscopy confirmed the successful formation of the DIL-MAS complexes.Drug quantification from the complexes demonstrated variable behaviour in the differing media used with DIL degrading to desacetyl diltiazem hydrochloride(DC-DIL)in the 2 M HCl media.Here also,the authors report for the first time two binding processes that occurred for DIL and MAS.A competitor binding model was thus proposed and the thermodynamics obtained suggested their binding processes to be enthalpy driven and entropically unfavourable.This information is of great importance for a formulator as care and consideration should be given with appropriate media selection as well as the nature of binding in complexes.